Orthogonal
Orthogonal means perpendicular or forming a right angle of 90 degrees.
Mathematical Meanings
• Geometry: Two lines, segments, or planes that meet at a 90-degree angle.
• Vectors: Two vectors are orthogonal if their scalar (dot) product is zero.
• Statistics: Two factors or variables are orthogonal if they are completely statistically independent.
Figurative and Technical Usage
• Software Engineering: Design elements are orthogonal if changing one does not change or break another (they operate independently).
• General English: Something that is separate, irrelevant, or beside the point to the main topic.
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