Problem Set 1 Full

 PROBLEM SET I MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 

1. A scientist conducts an experiment to separate the inner membrane of a mitochondrion from a mitochondrion. After the inner membrane is

separated, it is then subjected to a specific treatment that damages the F1 of ATP synthase. Of all the following processes: 1. NADH oxidation mit n.sdutorle dori, 3 Proton gradient formation 4. ADP phosphorylation Which of the following will not occur as a result of this treatment? A. 1,2,3,4 B. 2,4 C 1,3,2 4 only 3 only 2. Cells in the body that cannot utilize ketone compounds as an energy source are... A. white blood cells metabolism B. liver cells concrete Dunn Mitol brain cells red blood cells →→ mitochondria muscle building blocks. 3. Polycistronic is a term used to describe the results of a single transcription process whose transcription consists of multiple genes. Most polycistronic transcription occurs in prokaryotes, but some prokaryotes have polycistronic transcription. The following are the results of polycistronic transcription in eukaryotes: Transcription results of genes encoding ribosomal proteins Transcription results of genes encoding histone proteins C. Transcription results of genes encoding rRNA Transcription results of genes encoding integral proteins Transcription results of genes encoding hemoglobin A bacterial culture begins with 4 bacterial cells per ml in enrichment medium with a 1-hour lag phase and a generation time of 2°C minutes. How many cells are present in 1 liter of this culture: a. after 1 hour? 11,000 21,000 b. after 2 hours? • 000 c. after 2 hours if 0.25% of the initial cells die? 4. You take a microbial culture and fractionate it into several components. One component contains the following molecules: acetylmuramic acid, acetylglucosamine, various L- and D-amino acids, and teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. These components are: The cell wall of a gram-positive bacterium Glycogen The cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium The cytoplasmic membrane The cell wall of a yeast

6. Attenuation is one of the regulatory processes in the Trp operon of bacteria. This system is regulated by Trp E of the Trp operon. Trp E is the earliest gene (upstream) of the ip operon. If tryptophan is present, the transcribed Trp E will then be translated by the ribosome, resulting in transcription termination, preventing other genes in the Trp operon from being transcribed. However, if tryptophan is absent, the ribosome will stop at the codon encoding tryptophan. Consequently, translation of Trp E will cease, allowing the transcription process to continue to the end (all genes in the Trp operon are transcribed). Based on this information, which statement regarding the attenuation system and the Trp operon is incorrect? The attenuation process occurs in the cytoplasm. Because the ribosome stops at Trp E, the other genes of the Trp operon will only be translated if tryptophan is present in the cytoplasm. C. D. The transcription of the Trp operon is polycistronic. Attenuation prevents the production of the enzyme that synthesizes tryptophan when tryptophan levels in the cell are high. E. All of the above are correct. 7. To prove that the process of cell division is influenced by the presence of protein in the cell, two scientists fused two cells at different phases. Mark B for the experiment that you believe produced the correct result and 5 for the experiment that produced the incorrect result.

Questions 11-17 The avian influenza virus is an RNA virus (not a retrovirus) that can infect birds and mammals. The viral genome consists of 8 RNA molecules, each containing a different gene. The viral replication process can be seen in the image below: BUDDING On the surface of the virus are protein spikes neuraminidase (N) and hemagglutinin (H). There are 9 N types and 15 H types. The avian influenza viruses that viral ANA mRNA spread from Asia to Europe in 2005 include types H,N, and H,N. Humans are generally infected with H,N, and H,Nz influenza viruses. H plays a role in ATTACHMENT FUSION binding the virus to the cell surface. The image below shows the surface of the avian influenza virus: ENDOCYTOSIS RECEPTOR SITE: 2 4 MAJOR ANTIGENIC VARIABLE: REGIONS 1 -C LIPID BILAYER In the image of the avian influenza virus surface, number 1 is 11.1) 1.., which consists of a layer of molecules 11.2) Cu. and originates from the cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell. No. 2 is protein 11.3) E. which binds to 11.4) ..... on the surface of the host cell. After endocytosis, 11.5) J..... the virus will fuse with 11.6) ......., allowing 11.7) AV. the virus to exit the cell cytoplasm and then enter 11.8) ..... ....... to replicate. Replication sonoms = 2:tatlan ٥١c١ 11.9)... O.... which is encoded by 11.10) D DNA DNA polymerase Phospholipids D. Viral genes E. Hemagglutinin F. Cell nucleus Lipid bilayer Nuclear membrane Cytoplasmic membrane Vesicle membrane Neuraminidase Protein Receptor RNA/ RNA polymerase Cell host Cytoplasm Viruses

12. The image of the surface of the avian influenza virus shows: The primary structure of a protein The secondary structure of a protein The tertiary structure of a protein only The tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein 13. The difference between the avian influenza virus HN, which replicates in emaciated children, and H,N, which replicates in chickens on farms, lies in: Viral lipid composition differs in different host cells Various types of RNA molecules are always the same in the KNA lode Capsid protein composition apo Hemagglutinin type 14. People with influenza are given antibiotics to: Inhibit viral replication flu Inhibits secondary bacterial infections Improves the patient's immune system function Inhibits the growth of cells attacked by viruses Anbiotics only for microbial activity Viruses are not- live 15. The following substances can be used as a flu vaccine, EXCEPT: Inactivated viruses hemagglutinin protein bag - outside the virus that is being treated Peptides that are part of neuroaminidase. RNA viruses 16. The flu virus attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract and does not attack other cells because: Other cells do not have receptors for the flu virus. The virus enters the body more easily through the respiratory tract. Only the respiratory tract has the components necessary for viral replication. The virus exits the body more easily through the respiratory tract. 17. If a person with the flu caused by the H,N virus is infected with H,N avian influenza, the following types of viruses may appear, EXCEPT: H,N, H,N, H,N, H,N, monggondakn D. H,N, 18. Which of the following is a component that is not necessary for DNA replication? In vivo is... in living beings living words A. DNA polymerase in in vivo HAMP ATMP dCMP, dGMP In vitro → outside living beings C. RNA polymerase (primase) Selatu D: imorla Y9 is required Tri ex: E. Protein that prevents the joining of the two parent chains during replication. ATP ATP

19. It is known that an mRNA has the following base sequence. codon 5 AACGGUUUUAUGGAUAAACAA....(45 bases)...GGGAUGCGGAGAUAAGAAUUU3' From the information above, the translation result of the mRNA is...... Polypeptide chain with 29 amino acids Polypeptide chain with 28 peptide bonds read dr 5 he 3 Polypeptide chain with 23 amino acids Polypeptide chain with 23 peptide bonds amino acids = 23 (stop + d dihi Oligopeptide with 3 amino acids. peptides = 22 20. All of the following cellular phenomena involve the activity of actin filaments, except ... Amoeba movement Cytoplasmic streaming Cytokinesis Muscle contraction E. Flagellar movement in bacteria | = Flagellin PLANT MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY Observe the following diagram to answer questions 1-2. Unstable compound Glycerate 3-phosphate Cin khas Sildlus caluin Ribulose bisphosphate Y Cell 17. 18- B 20. e 1. The metabolic pathway depicted in the diagram above is ... Tricarboxylic acid cycle Citric acid cycle Cycle Krebs Cycle D. Calvin Cycle E. PEP Carboxylase Cycle 2. Energy in the form of ATP is used in stages... 1 and 2 2 and 3 2 and 4 D. 3 and 4 F. 1, 2, and 3 3. The element/nutrient that plays an important role in binding to the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll a is... lignin biosynthesis Cergokinin A. Iron (Fe) D. Copper (Cu) Hemoglobin ring B. Potassium (K) E. Zinc (Zn) = iron (Fe) C. Magnesium (Mg) klongt formation 4. The plant hormone that plays a role in the seed dormancy process is... A. Auxin - growth hormone D. Cytokinin B. Gibberellin E. Ethylene - promotes growth C. Cytokinin - prevents growth 5. A water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism and is found in vegetables and grains is... A. Vitamin B A clOD! B. Niacin 609/ NA C. Folic acid Vitamin A Ascorbic acid 

6. Which statement is incorrect when describing photosynthesis that occurs in C4 plants? The first product of CO2 fixation is a compound with four carbon atoms. Photosynthesis in C4 plants is adapted to grow in hot and dry climates. CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll cells, but the Calvin cycle occurs in the vascular sheath. The ATP used for sugar synthesis is less than in C3 plants. Photorespiration in C4 plants is less than in C3 plants. 

7. The function of lenticels and pneumatophores in plants is... Nutrient absorption, especially in the form of nitrate and phosphate compounds. Anchoring the plant to the soil (anchoring) For gas exchange, often in plants with submerged roots. Water Plays a role in maintaining root hydrostatic pressure to create the right conditions for sugar conduction in the phloem Plays a role in forming mycorrhizal associations with bacteria and fungi 8. In the stems of dicotyledonous plants, the tissue directly adjacent to the cortex is... Primary phloem Primary xylem Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium

9. The tissue characterized by dead cells in their mature state and having rigid secondary walls is... parenchyma collenchyma clerenchyma y9 mali xylem X sheremchyma parenchyma and Collenchyma Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma 

10. The following statements about vacuoles are correct: 1. Found only in plant cells, not in animal cells. ii. In plant cells, vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. iii. They store amino acids, especially in growing cells. iv. Water enters the vacuole based on the water potential gradient to help maintain turgidity. v. In plant cells, vacuoles have constant proportions and sizes within the cell. i & 11 ii & v iii & iv D. i & t IV E. ii & iv

11. At which layer do insects from the Aphididae family obtain food from the young tree trunks? A. Cambium The outer layer of the cambium The inner layer of the cambium Different layers depending on the age of the plant Different layers depending on the age and developmental stage of the insect 

12. The living cells of plants that cannot be grown in tissue culture media are... A. Companion cells D. Pollen Hans cells B. Parenchyma E. Sclereid cells C. Sieve tubes 

13. The dominant generation in the life cycle of mosses, ferns, gymnosperms Angiosperms are: Gametophyte, gametophyte, sporophyte, sporophyte Gametophyte, sporophyte, sporophyte, Sporophyte Gametophyte, gametophyte, gametophyte, sporophyte Gametophyte is the dominant generation for all. Sporophyte is the dominant generation for all. 

14. Look at the following image. X Volemkin Angle = alive, thickened (angle) The most accurate statement to describe the tissue is: A. The cells are alive with thin cell walls. B. The cells are dead, the cell walls undergo primary thickening. B. The cells are dead, the cell walls undergo secondary thickening. All answers are incorrect. 

15. Look at the following organ structures! All of the following statements describe the organ, except... Only in leaves aunor Somaterstm (re Urang lesap - endoderm. MIS ›leaf-shaped Gnifer (pine, spruce) → endoderm is A. Originated from gymnosperms ( 0r99 B. Has a secretory structure that is formed schizogenously sei' mrenja Adapted to xerophytic environments D. Has a structure that can also be found in roots E. Has a secretory structure that is formed lysigenously - songga kemn Sep mah 1.b •- e

16. The flu virus attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract and does not attack other cells because: Other cells do not have receptors for the flu virus. The virus enters the body more easily through the respiratory tract. Only the respiratory tract has the components necessary for viral replication. The virus exits the body more easily through the respiratory tract. 17. If a person with the flu caused by the H,N virus is infected with H,N avian influenza, the following types of viruses may appear, EXCEPT: H,N, H,N, H,N, H,N, monggondakn D. H,N, 18. Which of the following is a component that is not necessary for in vivo DNA replication? im Living creatures living words A. DNA polymerase in vivo HAMP ATMP dCMP, dGMP In vitro → outside Living creatures C. RNA polymerase (primase) Selatu D: imorla Y9 is required Tri ex: E. Protein that prevents the joining of the two parent chains during replication. Atro Atro 19. It is known that an mRNA has the following base sequence: codon 5 AACGGUUUUAUGGAUAAACAA....(45 bases)...GGGAUGCGGAGAUAAGAAUUU3' From the information above, the translation result of the mRNA is... Polypeptide chain with 29 amino acids Polypeptide chain with 28 peptide bonds read from 5 to 3 Polypeptide chain with 23 amino acids Polypeptide chain with 23 peptide bonds amino acids = 23 (stop + d dihi Oligopeptide with 3 amino acids. peptide = 22 20. All of the cellular phenomena below involve the activity of actin filaments, except... Amoeba movement Cytoplasmic streaming Cytokinesis Muscle contraction E. Flagellar movement in bacteria | = Flagellin PLANT MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY Consider the following chart to answer questions 1-2. Unstable compound Glycerate 3-phosphate Cin khas Sildlus caluin Ribulose bisphosphate Y Cell 17. 18- B 20. e

1. The metabolic pathway depicted in the diagram above is... Tricarboxylic acid cycle Citric acid cycle Krebs cycle D. Calvin cycle E. PEP carboxylase cycle 2. Energy in the form of ATP is used in stages... 1 and 2 2 and 3 2 and 4 D. 3 and 4 F 1, 2, and 3 3. The element/nutrient that plays an important role in binding to the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll a is... lignin biosynthesis Cerucin A. Iron (Fe) D. Copper (Cu) Hemoglobin ring B. Potassium (K) E. Zinc (Zn) = Iron (Fe) C. Magnesium (Mg) formation of clotting 4. The plant hormone that plays a role in the seed dormancy process is... A. Auxin - promotes growth D. Cytokinin B. Gibberellin E. Ethylene - promotes growth C. Cytokinin - prevents swelling 5. The water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism and is found in vegetables and grains is... A. Vitamin B A clOD! B. Niacin 609/ NA C. Folic acid Vitamin A Ascorbic acid 6. Which statement is incorrect when describing photosynthesis that occurs in C4 plants? The first product of CO2 fixation is a compound with four carbon atoms. Photosynthesis in C4 plants is adapted to grow in hot and dry climates. CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll cells, but the Calvin cycle occurs in the vascular sheath. The ATP used for sugar synthesis is less than in C3 plants. Photorespiration in C4 plants is less than in C3 plants. 7. The function of lenticels and pneumatophores in plants is... Nutrient absorption, especially in the form of nitrate and phosphate compounds. Anchoring the plant to the soil (anchoring) For gas exchange, often in plants with submerged roots. Water Plays a role in maintaining root hydrostatic pressure to create the right conditions for sugar conduction in the phloem Plays a role in forming mycorrhizal associations with bacteria and fungi 8. In the stems of dicotyledonous plants, the tissue directly adjacent to the cortex is... Primary phloem Primary xylem Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium

8. In the stem of a dicotyledonous plant, the tissue directly adjacent to the cortex is... Primary phloem Primary xylem Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium 9. The tissue characterized by dead cells in their mature state and having rigid secondary walls is... Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Y9 mali xylem X sheremchyma Parenchyma and collenchyma Sclerenchyma and collenchyma 10. The correct statement regarding vacuoles below is: 1. Found only in plant cells, not in animal cells ii. In plant cells, vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. iii. They are the storage sites for amino acids, especially in growing cells. iv. Water enters the vacuole based on the water potential gradient to help maintain turgidity. v. In plant cells, vacuoles have constant proportions and sizes within the cell. i & 11 ii & v iii & iv D. i & t IV E. ii & iv 11. In which layer do insects from the Aphididae family obtain food from the stem of young plants? A. Cambium The outer layer of the cambium The inner layer of the cambium Different layers depending on the age of the plant Different layers depending on the age and developmental stage of the insect

12. Living plant cells that cannot be grown in tissue culture media are... A. Companion cells D. Pollen Hans cells B. Parenchyma E. Sclereid cells C. Sieve tubes 

13. The dominant generation in the life cycle of mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms Angiosperms is: Gametophyte, gametophyte, sporophyte, sporophyte Gametophyte, sporophyte, sporophyte, sporophyte Gametophyte, gametophyte, gametophyte, sporophyte Gametophyte is the dominant generation for all of them Snorophyte is the dominant generation for all of them 

14. Look at the following image: X Volemkin Angle = alive, thickening (fudut) The most accurate statement to describe the tissue is: A. The cells are alive with thin cell walls. B. The cells are dead, the cell walls undergo primary thickening. B. The cells are dead, the cell walls undergo secondary thickening. All answers are incorrect. 

15. Observe the following organ structures! All of the following statements describe the organ, except... Only in leaves aunor Somaterstm (re Urang lesap - endoderm. MIS ›leaf-shaped Gnifer (pine, spruce) → endoderm is A. Originated from gymnosperms ( 0r99 B. Has a secretory structure that is formed schizogenously sei' mrenja Adapted to xerophytic environments D. Has a structure that can also be found in roots E. Has a secretory structure that is formed lysigenously - songga kemn Sep mah 1.b •- e

ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY For questions 1, 2, and 3: Skeletal muscle cells can be divided into several types, including: Tonic muscle fibers: Contract slowly, do not produce ATP, some muscle fibers receive multiple synapses from a single motor neuron, and have low myosin ATP-ase turnover. Slow phasic fibers: Contract slowly, fatigue slowly, produce AP, have many mitochondria, and have low myosin ATP-ase turnover. Fast phasic fibers are glycolytic. They have cephalic activity, Lepau's cell turnover, high ATP-ase turnover, and a low number of mitochondria in the cell. Fast oxidative phasic fibers: Contract quickly, fatigue slowly, and have a large number of mitochondria.

 1. Based on the information above, match the statements below with the muscle types in the information above. The muscle that plays a role in maintaining body posture... The dominant muscle in a marathon runner... KC: c. The muscle fiber that produces lactic acid the fastest...

2. From the information above, the following conclusions can be drawn, except... The speed of muscle contraction is determined by the turnover of myosin ATPase. Y The speed at which a muscle fatigues is determined by the number of mitochondria in the muscle fiber. During repeated contractions, type C and D fibers consume the same amount of oxygen. Type A fibers most likely play a role in maintaining body posture. Type B fibers most likely play a role in maintaining body posture. If in a single contraction, only 2/3 of the energy used by type C muscles is produced by mitochondria.

 Determine the amount of lactic acid formed in 10 consecutive contractions, if the energy required for one contraction is 798 kCl (hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases 7 kCl)! Testosterone is a hormone formed from cholesterol. Because cholesterol is a water-insoluble compound, testosterone is also insoluble in water. Although it is insoluble in water, testosterone is highly soluble in fat. Based on these properties, which statement is correct regarding testosterone? 

Because testosterone is fat-soluble, it can easily enter cells, eliminating the need for a second messenger for its function. 

Because it is insoluble in water, testosterone cannot be transported in the blood. 

Because cell membranes are fat-soluble and testosterone is fat-soluble, steroid receptors are located within the cell membrane. 

Because it is insoluble in water, this hormone must bind to proteins in the blood to be circulated in the blood. 

Answers A and D are correct.

Inulin is a short-chain carbohydrate compound. This compound can be filtered by the kidneys and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules. To determine the rate of elimination of a compound from blood plasma, the formula is used: VU/CP = 1. To measure the filtration rate of a compound that is not reabsorbed, the formula is used: VU/(GFR)P = 1, where: V = urine volume/minute U = concentration of compound x in urine P = concentration of substance x in plasma (GFR) = filtration rate from plasma C = amount of compound x removed from blood plasma per minute. If the blood plasma filtration rate is 150 ml per minute and the inulin concentration in blood plasma is 0.2 mg/10 ml of blood, determine the amount of inulin removed from blood plasma per minute. If the blood filtration rate is 150 ml per minute, the glucose concentration is 100 mg/100 ml of blood, and the amount of glucose in the urine is 20 mg/minute, determine: The amount of glucose excreted from the blood plasma per minute is 20 mg. The amount of glucose reabsorbed per minute is 20 mg. (30 mg (minute

 7. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by one chamber of the heart during one contraction cycle. The magnitude of stroke volume is determined by two factors: the volume of the ventricle just before contraction and the volume of the ventricle just after contraction. Based on this information, the following statement is correct... People with faster heartbeats have a higher stroke volume than people with slower heartbeats. With the same contraction force, people with a smaller aortic diameter have the same stroke volume as people with a larger aortic diameter. People with stronger atrial contractions have a greater stroke volume than normal people. A and B are correct All answers are incorrect

 8. In the vertebrate cardiovascular system, arteries generally branch to form capillaries, which then unite to form veins. However, in some organs, capillaries unite to form arteries and not veins. Which of the following organs has The structure mentioned above (capillaries leading to arteries) is... A. Mammalian kidneys and mammalian lungs B. Fish gills and liver C. Mammalian kidneys and fish gills D. Fish gills and mammalian lungs E. Mammalian liver and lungs Mammals = artery-capillary-artery Par = artery-capillary-vein Fish = artery-capillary-artery Papillary-vein-heart

For questions 9-11. Based on how they obtain food, mammals are classified as herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Carnivores are animals that obtain most of each group of animals, Dr. Riganata van Puyeng measured blood glucose levels in the hepatic portal vein and hepatic veins. The results can be seen as follows: glucose in the hepatic vein-glucose in the portal vein Ima/dl) 15 20 12 glucose level (mg/dl) 0 -10 20 30 40 50 60 Maken Fasting Eating Fasting Carnivore Herbivore -50 

9. The correct statement based on the above observation is...except When eating, blood glucose levels in the portal vein of carnivores and herbivores increase. In carnivores and herbivores, glucose is absorbed in the liver when the animal eats, and the opposite occurs when the animal fasts. In herbivores, glucose is released from the liver during eating and fasting. D. When eating, the source of glucose from the metabolism of carnivorous animal cells comes from glucose absorbed in the intestine. E. When eating, the source of glucose from the metabolism of herbivorous animal cells comes from glucose absorbed in the intestine and glucose released in the liver. 

10. If the normal blood glucose level of carnivores is 90mg/dL and the blood glucose level of herbivores is 50 mg/dL, determine: a. The blood glucose level in the hepatic portal vein of carnivores when eating! b. The level of blood glucose released from the liver to the blood by carnivores c. The level of glucose reabsorbed by herbivores when eating! 

11. The results of further experiments on herbivore animals show that 100 percent glucose contained in the plants it eats (mostly in the form of cellulose), 33% is converted into fatty acids and only 18% is absorbed in the form of glucose in the intestine. Based on the additional information, which of the following statements is not true? A. Herbivorous animals always have lower glucose levels in the portal vein hepatic when compared to the level of glucose in the hepatic vein. The source of blood glucose in herbivorous animals during starvation is the result of gluconeogenesis in the liver with fatty acid raw materials. C. The source of blood glucose in herbivores during starvation is hydrolysis glycogen in the liver. With carnivore with herbivore = Asa