Biology 2018

SIMAK UI 2018 Biology Question 1 The increasing resistance of a bacterial cell population to antibiotics is not related to... (A) physiological adaptation (B) natural selection (C) genetic variation (D) evolution (E) genetic relatedness Discussion of SIMAK UI 2018

Biology Question 1 Please note that the question asks for an incorrect option. Let's discuss each option. Option A contains the term "physiological adaptation," which refers to an adaptation by the physical parts of a living creature. For example, in cell function, bacteria can develop resistance to a drug because they have adapted their cell function. Option B contains the term "natural selection," which is generally understood to be an elimination process where the weaker members lose and the stronger survive. In this case, natural selection can occur when the administration of a drug, such as an antibiotic, causes the weaker bacteria to die, while the stronger bacteria survive because they are more resistant. Option C contains the term "genetic variation," which we generally understand as differences in the internal and external physical characteristics of living organisms, even within the same species. In this case, it relates to the increasing diversity of bacteria, making it impossible for a single drug or antibiotic to kill all of them. Option D contains the term "volution," which we generally understand as changes in the characteristics of living organisms, both externally and internally, to combat environmental hazards and/or maintain their survival. Option A contains the term "physiological adaptation," which is an example of evolution. Option E contains the term "genetic kinship," which we generally understand as similarities in the internal and external physical characteristics of living organisms, even within different species. In this case, it relates to the decreasing diversity of bacteria, making it impossible for a single drug or antibiotic to kill all of them. The answer is E.

SIMAK UI 2018 Biology Question 2 Sperm tail motility is controlled by the axoneme structure, which is composed of cell organelles, namely... (A) lysosomes (B) mitochondria (C) Golgi apparatus (D) microtubules (E) endoplasmic reticulum SIMAK UI 2018 Biology Question 2 Lysosomes, cell organelles that function in cellular digestion. Mitochondria, produce cellular energy. Golgi apparatus, modify proteins. Microtubules, one of the functions of which is cell locomotion. Endoplasmic reticulum, synthesizes proteins/lipids. The axoneme is part of the sperm tail, which is the propulsion of the sperm cell. It is composed of microtubule organelles. The answer is D 3. The fungus Rhizopus sp. are considered lower fungi because they have a structure of... (A) rhizoids (B) chlamydospores (C) aseptate hyphae ✔ (D) vegetative hyphae (E) stolons Answer Rhizopus sp. is an example of a fungus, usually found on stale bread, and belongs to the Zygomycota group of fungi. Rhizoids are the root-like parts of fungi that function. Chlamydospores, also called conidiospores, are only found in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi. Aseptate hyphae are fungal cell structures that lack partitions. Vegetative hyphae are hyphae that serve as growth media. Stolons connect one rhizoid to another. Fungi are divided into lower fungi and higher fungi, based on whether their cell structure is partitioned or not. Zygomycota is a lower functional group because its cell structure is partitioned and has aseptate hyphae. The answer is C

4. Biotechnology applications utilize and modify biological agents such as plants and microorganisms to address various environmental contamination and pollution. Which of the following is not a form of bioremediation mechanism using plants? (A) phytodegradation (B) phytography ✔ (C) phytoextraction (D) phytovolatilization (E) phytostabilization Answer Bioremediation is a method that utilizes and modifies biological agents such as plants and microorganisms to address various environmental contamination and pollution. Phyto means plant. Phytodegeneration, the breakdown of a substance. For example, in soil contaminated with heavy metals, bioremediation can be used, where plants break down the heavy metals in the soil. Phytography, the study of plant taxonomy. Phytroextraction, the extraction of a substance. For example, in soil contaminated with heavy metals, bioremediation can be used, where plants absorb the heavy metals and remove the polluting substances. Phytovolatilization, the volatilization of an element, for example, in soil contaminated with heavy metals, can be bioremediated, where plants absorb the heavy metal and release it as a gas. Phytostabilization, stabilization, inhibits the spread of a pollutant element in the soil. The answer is B. 5. The plant organ below that is a modified stem is... (A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 3 and 4 (D) 4 and 1 (E) 2 and 1 Answer 6. Which statement regarding an ecosystem is incorrect? (A) The higher the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem. (B) Ecosystems are composed of various communities formed by various types of organisms. (C) Ecosystems are composed of various individuals of the same species that make up various communities. (D) Each type of organism has its own niche. (E) Communities are connected by energy flow. Answer

6. Which statement is false regarding an ecosystem? (A) The higher the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem. (B) Ecosystems are composed of various communities formed by various types of organisms. (C) Ecosystems are composed of various individuals of the same species that make up various communities. (D) Each type of organism has its own niche. (E) Communities are connected by energy flow. Answer 7. Sister chromatids are... (A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 2 and 4 (D) 3 and 4 (E) 1 and 4 Answer 8. The metabolism of aerobic microorganisms is... (A) requires oxygen to live (B) oxidative phosphorylation (C) substrate-level phosphorylation (D) cannot ferment (E) carries out both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Answer 9. The system in the class Echinodermata that is related to the locomotion process is... (A) gastrovascular (B) nematocyst (C) ambulacral (D) pseudopods (E) exocytosis Answer 10. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share similarities in several parts of the transcription process. Because both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have RNA polymerase enzymes that bind to promoter regions to initiate transcription. Answer 11. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can be easily seen in the effects of the locomotor system and the nervous system. Because mitochondrial DNA functions in coding for proteins that play a role in electron transport. Answer 12. Plasmolysis is the phenomenon of the separation of the plant cell membrane from the cell wall. Because the vacuole in the center of the cell contains a solution with a higher osmotic pressure. Answer

13. Peas (Pisum sativum) were used as the plant observed by Mendel for many years in the field of genetics. This plant was chosen for observation because... (1) it has distinctive characteristics (2) it is short-lived (3) it is easy to cross (4) it is prone to mutation. 14. Which of the following is not a characteristic of plant growth? (1) increase in height (2) formation of new cells (3) increase in volume (4) formation of flowers. Answer 15. The morphogenesis stage of embryonic development is characterized by... (1) differentiation and specialization of germ layers (2) formation of the placenta (3) formation of specific organs (4) gastrulation. Answer