Biology 2011

1. The non-membrane cell organelle is... A. microbodies B. peroxisomes C. lysosomes D. vacuoles E. ribosomes

2. Below is a bar graph depicting exposure to dark and light periods. The black areas indicate the dark period, and the uncolored (white) areas indicate the light period. Based on the graph below, plants classified as short-day plants will flower if... A. B. C. D. E.

3. During an expedition, plants were found with the following characteristics: non-woody, pinnate leaves, no flowers, rosette stems, and curled young leaves. If you were asked to predict which group of plants you found? A. Angiospermae B. Monocotyledonae C. Pteridophyta D. Bryophyta E. Gymnospermae

4. The pangolin (Manis javanica) is a rare and protected species in Indonesia. This animal, whose body is almost entirely covered in scales, is an insectivore. In animal classification, pangolins are included in the group... A. class Reptilia because their bodies are covered in scales B. class Insectivora because they are insectivorous C. class Mammalia because they have hair and are mammals D. subclass Squamata because their bodies are covered in scales and they are insectivorous E. subclass Monotremes because, in addition to having scales, they also lay eggs like reptiles.

5. The function of neuroglia is... A. to help neurons accelerate impulse transmission B. to help neurons transmit chemical stimuli C. to strengthen the structural integrity of the nervous system and the metabolic function of neurons D. to help neurons open Na+ gates E. to help neurons transport potassium, express, and regenerate.

6. The layer of dead cells consisting of several layers of epidermal tissue in the aerial roots of orchids and functioning as water storage tissue is .... A. cuticle B. trichome C. spine D. velamen E. lithocyte cells

7. A microorganism exhibits limited growth at a temperature of 27°C. Growth is observed best at 37°C. At 40°C, growth still occurs, but no growth occurs above that temperature. Based on the growth temperature, the microorganism is classified as .... A. psychrophilic B. mesophilic C. thermotolerant D. thermophilic E. psychrotolerant

8. Fertilization activates a series of reactions that allow the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and egg cells. The following reactions are involved in the fertilization process, except... A. Acromosal reaction B. Cortical reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. Polyspermy reaction E. Invagination reaction

9. A husband and wife are arguing over one of their children having blood type O, while the husband and wife have blood types A and B respectively. The explanation you can give is... (1) wife A is heterozygous and husband B is homozygous (2) wife B is heterozygous and husband B is heterozygous (3) wife A is homozygous and husband B is heterozygous (4) wife A is heterozygous and husband B is heterozygous A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

10. Damage to various parts of the nephron will affect kidney function. The following are statements related to damage to the nephron and the resulting disruption to kidney function, except... (1) Damage to the juxtaglomerular apparatus will affect the blood filtration rate in the glomerulus, thereby affecting urine production. (2) Damage to the proximal tubule will result in very dilute urine. (3) Damage to the collecting duct causes the kidneys to be unable to produce concentrated urine. (4) Damage to the loop of Henle causes urine to be devoid of protein and sugar. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

11. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that convert glucose molecules into pyruvic acid by producing NADH and ATP. The following statements are characteristics of glycolysis: (1) Glycolysis can occur aerobically or anaerobically. (2) Enzymatic activity occurs in glycolysis. (3) ADP and ATP play a role in transferring phosphate from one molecule to another. (4) The release of water produces two phosphoenolpyruvate molecules, each with a high-energy phosphate bond. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

12. The following statements are correct: (1) The atrioventricular valves prevent blood from flowing from the ventricles to the atria during systole. (2) Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate. (3) The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery to the ventricles during astole. (4) The heart muscles work by themselves without our awareness. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

👋 Selamat datang di Mode Belajar. Pelajari topik sulit lebih cepat dengan penjelasan yang jelas dan visual.

The event that does not occur in the dark reaction of photosynthesis is…

A. Binding of CO2 in the stroma B. Fixation of CO2 by RuBP C. Formation of phosphoglycerol acid D. Breakdown of water molecules E. Reduction of phosphoglycerol 3-phosphate

The following are true statements about the process of photosynthesis, except… A. The O2 formed comes from the breakdown of H2O B. The dark reaction uses CO2 as a raw material to form carbohydrates. C. Glucose formation takes place in the grana of chloroplasts. D. The H2O utilized is taken from the soil. E. The dark reaction requires ATP and NADPH2 produced from the light reaction.

The following processes are related to glycolysis, except… A. The energy investment stage requires 2 ATP. B. The energy harvest stage produces 4 ATP. C. The energy harvest stage produces NADH. D. This is the process of oxidative phosphorylation. E. The stage of formation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

One of the stages of cellular respiration is glycolysis. In this stage, the conversion occurs… A. Glycogen to glucose. B. Glucose (6C) to pyruvic acid (3C). C. Pyruvic acid (3C) to acetyl-CoA (2C). D. Acetyl-CoA (2C) to CO2 (1C). E. NADH and FADH2 to ATP.

In the electron transport chain, the molecule that acts as the final electron acceptor is... A. CO2 B. O2 C. H2O D. ATP E. NADH

In aerobic respiration, oxygen plays a role in the process... A. Glycolysis B. Formation of Acetyl Co-A C. Krebs cycle D. Electron transport system E. Formation of ATP

Darwin's statement that adaptive changes in organisms will enable them to survive and produce offspring is a concept related to the process... A. Natural selection B. Genetic mutation C. Phenotypic variation D. Productive isolation E. Environmental adaptation

Darwin's statement that adaptive changes in organisms will enable them to survive and produce offspring is a concept related to the process of... A. Natural selection B. Genetic mutation C. Phenotypic variation D. Productive isolation E. Environmental adaptation

As living cells, bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because... A. Bacteria have a cell structure consisting of a membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm B. Bacteria do not have a cell nucleus C. Bacteria do not have a nuclear membrane D. Bacteria are cosmopolitan E. Bacteria are protists; bacteria are cosmopolitan

In chickens, wattle shape is caused by the following gene interactions: rrP-: Seed, R-pp: Ros, R-P: Walnut, and rrpp: Single. A cross was conducted between a chicken with a seed wattle and a chicken with a rose wattle. Some of the F1 offspring had single wattles. From the results of this cross, it is known that the genotypes of both parents are: A. RrPp x rrPp B. rrPP x Rrpp C. rrPp x Rrpp D. rrPp x RRpp E. rrPp x rrpp

Look at the following picture of gametes. If the two gametes come from two animals of the same species, then... 1. The resulting embryo will be male. 2. Each embryonic cell has the same chromosome content. 3. Each gamete has a sex chromosome. 4. Each gamete has an autosome.

Heterosporous ferns have the following characteristics, except... A. Reproduce sexually and asexually. B. Produce two forms of sexual organs. C. Produce microspores and macrospores. D. Produce two types of spores of different sizes, of the same sex. E. Produce two types of spores in separate individuals.

The ground tissue of plants that can function as food storage and the site of photosynthesis. and as a tissue that fills the vascular bundles is... A. Parenchyma B. Collenchyma C. Sclerenchyma D. Collenchyma and parenchyma E. Sclerenchyma and parenchyma

No. Respiration Stage Site of Production 1. Glycolysis Mitochondrial Acid 2. Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial Matrix CO2 3. Electron Transport Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ATP 4. Respiratory Chain Glycolysis NADH2 The correct answer is: A. 1 and 2 D. 2 and 4 B. 1 and 3 E. 3 and 4 C. 2 and 3

In the process of photosynthesis, the dark reaction requires ATP produced in the light reaction stage. BECAUSE: In the dark reaction, fixed CO2 is synthesized into carbohydrates in the stroma with the help of ATP energy. Answer A 825. Elephantiasis is a type of disease caused by worms that is transmitted by: A. Rats D. Cockroaches B. Mosquitoes E. Flies C. Snails 826. Birds have a more complex respiratory system than mammals. BECAUSE: Birds have air sacs that act as substitutes for lungs during flight. Answer D

Human blood circulation flows through the following sequence: A. Right ventricle - left ventricle - right atrium - left atrium B. Right ventricle - aorta - cava - vena cava - left atrium C. Left ventricle - aorta - cava - vena cava - right ventricle D. Right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary artery - pulmonary vein - left atrium E. Left ventricle - vena cava - pulmonary vein - pulmonary vein - right atrium

The arm flexion movement involving the biceps and triceps muscles demonstrates the characteristics of muscle ability, specifically the following properties: 1. Elasticity 2. Extensibility 3. Flexibility 4. Contractibility Answer A

Alveoli have walls composed of stratified squamous epithelium and are elastic because they are bubble-like structures where gas diffusion occurs in the lungs.

Hybridoma technology can used to produce monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology is the fusion of the nucleus of a rapidly dividing cancer cell with a cell producing the desired antibody.

The pancreas, as an exocrine gland, produces: A. Insulin to regulate blood sugar levels B. Glycogen to lower glucose levels C. Pepsin to break down protein D. Lipase to break down fat E. Hormones to regulate body metabolism

The cell organelle below functions as a site of metabolism, producing adenosine triphosphate... A. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts B. Chloroplasts and centrosomes C. Centrosomes and mitochondria D. Lysosomes and mitochondria E. Golgi apparatus and chlo

Answer

Question 811: D. Breakdown of water occurs in light reactions, not dark reactions.

Question 812: C. Glucose formation occurs in the stroma, not the grana.

Question 813: D. Glycolysis is not oxidative phosphorylation; it is an anaerobic process.

Question 814: B. Glycolysis converts glucose (6C) into two pyruvic acid (3C) molecules.

Question 815: B. Oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 816: D. Oxygen is required specifically in the electron transport system.

Question 817: A. Survival of the fittest through adaptation is natural selection.

Question 818: C. Prokaryotes lack a true nuclear membrane around their genetic material.

Question 819: C. rrPp (seed) x Rrpp (rose) produces rrpp (single) offspring.

Question 820: 2 and 4. Gametes are haploid (contain autosomes) and form a diploid zygote.

Question 821: D. Heterosporous ferns produce spores of different sizes and different sexes.

Question 822: A. Parenchyma is the versatile ground tissue for storage and photosynthesis.

Question 823: C. Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix (CO2) and transport chain in the inner membrane (ATP).

Question 824: A. Both statement and reason are true and show a causal relationship.

Question 825 (Elephantiasis): B. Transmitted by mosquitoes (vectors for filarial worms).

Question 825 (Circulation): D. Right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium.

Question 826: 1 and 4. Muscles exhibit contractibility (shortening) and elasticity (returning to shape).

Question 827: False/False. Alveoli are simple squamous epithelium, not stratified.

Question 828: False/True. Hybridoma involves fusing the whole cell, not just the nucleus.

Question 829: D. Lipase is an exocrine enzyme; insulin/glucagon are endocrine.

Question 830: A. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are sites of ATP production.

Question 819 Analysis

To get a single (rrpp) offspring, both parents must contribute an 'r' and a 'p'.

Genotype

rrPp x Rrpp

Question 823 Analysis

Review the sites and products of respiration stages:

🔄

Krebs

Mitochondrial Matrix

Produces CO2

⚡

Transport

Inner Membrane

Produces ATP

With double fertilization in spermatophytes, there is tissue containing 3n chromosomes, namely... A. egg cell B. zygote C. embryo D. endosperm E. seed coat

In the life cycle of a fern, the fern zygote will develop into... A. fern sporophyte B. fern gametophyte C. sporogonium D. prothallium E. protonema

A purple-flowered Latnyrus adoratus flower (CcPp) crossed with a white-flowered ccPp will produce offspring with purple and white flowers in the ratio... A. 1:1 B. 2:6 C. 3:5 D. 5:3 E. 6:4

The table below shows the percentage of water reabsorbed by the excretory system in the kidneys. How many liters of water are in the reservoir if a person drinks 2.5 liters of water? A. 6.6 liters B. 0.5 liters C. 0.4 liters D. 0.3 liters E. 0.025 liters

According to evolutionary evidence, the human hand has the same original shape as... A. horse foreleg B. primitive ape foot C. grasshopper wing D. elephant trunk E. fish dorsal fin

Escherichia coli bacteria cells divide every 15 minutes. The initial population of bacteria in Nutrient Broth medium is 15 cells. What is the population of Escherichia coli bacteria after a 15-hour incubation period? A. 15 × 2 (60) cells B. 16 × 15 × 60 cells C. 15 × 2 × 15 x 60 cells D. 15 × 4 × 15 cells E. 15 × 15 × 15 cells

The following cells are the main sites of photosynthesis in leaves... A. guard cells B. collenchyma cells C. spongy cells D. palisade cells E. epidermal cells

One cause of blood clotting in wounds is a vitamin K deficiency. CAUSE Vitamin K is essential for the process of activating prothrombin into thrombin in the blood clotting process. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and neither shows a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is true. E. If the STATEMENT and REASON are both false.

Agroecosystems are stable artificial ecosystems. CAUSE Agroecosystems have monoculture communities and low levels of biodiversity. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and neither shows a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is true. E. If the STATEMENT and REASON are both false.

One of the characteristics that distinguishes the species Teania saginata and Teania solium is the presence of a chitinous rostellum. CAUSE Teania saginata has a rostellum, while Teania solium does not. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is correct, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is correct, and both do not show a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is correct. E. If both the STATEMENT and REASON are false.

Rod cells are abundant in the retinas of nocturnal animals. CAUSE Rod cells are necessary for vision in dim light. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both do not show a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is true. E. If both the STATEMENT and REASON are false.

Stanley Miller successfully obtained amino acids from abiotic materials CH3, NH4, H2O, and H2, which were heated and subjected to an electric current. CAUSE Amino acids are the basic components of proteins that are essential for building protoplasm. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both do not show a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is true. E. If both the STATEMENT and REASON are false.

The carbohydrate formation reaction in the grana of mango leaf chloroplast cells occurs throughout the day. CAUSE The carbohydrate formation reaction is light-independent. A. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both show a causal relationship. B. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is true, and both do not show a causal relationship. C. If the STATEMENT is true, the REASON is false. D. If the STATEMENT is false, the REASON is true. E. If both the STATEMENT and REASON are false.

The correct statement about Salamanders is that they... (1) breathe with lungs. (2) are closely related to frogs. (3) live in water. (4) can breathe through their skin. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

A large number of algae cells and a number of protozoa culture cells are inoculated together in a vessel containing nutrients for algae growth. If the number of algae is limited by nutrients, the following phenomena can occur: (1) algae and protozoa will continue to increase in number (2) protozoa will increase in number (3) the algae population will suppress the protozoa population (4) protozoa will become a limiting factor in the growth of the algae population A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

Answer

Question 1: D. Endosperm is 3n (triploid) formed by fusion of sperm and polar nuclei.

Question 2: A. The zygote develops into the mature fern sporophyte.

Question 3: C. CcPp x ccPp yields 3 purple : 5 white (3/8 purple, 5/8 white).

Question 4: B. 0.5 liters (based on standard kidney reabsorption rates).

Question 5: A. Human hands and horse forelegs are homologous structures.

Question 6: A. 15 × 2^(60) (doubles every 15 mins for 15 hours = 60 cycles).

Question 7: D. Palisade cells contain the highest density of chloroplasts.

Question 8: A. Both are true; Vitamin K is essential for prothrombin activation.

Question 9: D. Statement is false (agroecosystems are unstable); reason is true.

Question 10: E. Both are false; T. solium has a rostellum, T. saginata does not.

Question 11: A. Rod cells are specialized for low-light sensitivity.

Question 12: B. Both are true, but the reason does not explain the Miller experiment.

Question 13: E. Both are false; dark reactions occur in the stroma, not grana.

Question 14: E. Salamanders are amphibians with lungs, skin respiration, and aquatic stages.

Question 15: C. Protozoa (predators) increase, and predation limits the algae population.

Question 3 Analysis

Cross: CcPp (purple) x ccPp (white).

🟣

Purple

C_P_

⚪

White

cc__ or C_pp

Result: 3/8 purple, 5/8 white (Ratio 3:5).

Question 6 Analysis

Bacteria double every 15 minutes.

Cycles

15 hours = 900 minutes

900 / 15 = 60 cycles

Growth

Initial 15 × 2^60

Yang terkait dengan reaksi kimia siklus krebs adalah :

terjadi di dalam kondisi aerob

terjadi di dalam mitokondria

melibatkan enzim dan koenzim

satu kali reaksi untuk satu mol glukosa

Jawabannya C

Peningkatan aktivitas tubuh manusia mengakibatkan peningkatan

pemakaian nutrisi sel

jumlah mitokondria sel

pemakaian oksigen

jumlah ribosom

Jawabannya B

Rangsangan gerak refleks dari reseptor akan diteruskan secara berurutan menuju ke efektor sebagai berikut :

A. neuron sensorik, neuron konektor, neuron motorik, efektor

B. neuron sensorik, sinapsis, neuron motorik, efektor

C. neuron motorik, sinapsis, neuron sensorik

D. neuron sensorik, neuron motorik, sinapsis, efektor

E. sinapsis, neuron motorik, neuron sensorik

Jawabannya A

Sekresi pulau-pullau Langerhans berfungsi untuk

mengubah glukosa menjadi glikogen

mengubah glikogen menjadi glukosa

menghasilkan insulin

menghasilkan tripsin

Jawabannya A

organ berikut yang dapat berfungsi sebagai kelenjar endokrin adalah :

pankreas

pituitari

adrenal

ovarium

Jawabannya A

berikut adalah proses-proses yang terjadi pada metabolisme

glikolisis

kemosintesis

respirasi

fotosintesis

fermentasi

proses-proses yang terjadi pada katabolisme karbohidrat adalah

A. 1,2,3

B. 1,2,4

C. 3,4,5

Jawabannya E

resperiasi aerob menghasilkan energi lebih banyak dibandingkan fermentasi

SEBAB

fermentasi menghasilkan 2 ATP sedangkan respirasi menghasilkan 26 ATP

Jawabannya C

saraf parasimpatis berpengaruh terhadap organ tubuh kecuali :

A. kontraksi pembuluh darah

B. pengecilan pupil

C. peningkatan sekresi saliva

D. pengecilan bonkrus

E. kontrasi dinding usus

Jawabannya A

Obesistas atau kegemukkan yang luar biasa pada orang dewasa terjadi karena penyimpangan pada :

A. kelenjar hipofisis

B. kelenjar adrenal

C. kelenjar tiroid

D.kelenjar pankreas

E. kelenjar gonad

Jawabannya C

reaksi terang pada proses fotosintesis menghasilkan :

NADPH

Karbohidrat

ATP

Air

Jawabannya B

Answer

Question 1: C. (1, 2, and 3 are correct; Krebs cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule).

Question 2: B. (1 and 3 are correct; increased activity demands more nutrients and oxygen).

Question 3: A. The reflex arc sequence is: Receptor → Sensory → Connector → Motor → Effector.

Question 4: A. (1 and 3 are correct; Langerhans islets produce insulin to store glucose as glycogen).

Question 5: A. (1, 2, and 3 are correct; all listed are endocrine glands).

Question 6: E. (1, 3, and 5 are catabolic processes; 2 and 4 are anabolic).

Question 7: C. Statement is true; Reason is false (aerobic respiration yields ~30-32 ATP, not 26).

Question 8: A. Parasympathetic nerves do not cause vasoconstriction (that is sympathetic).

Question 9: C. Thyroid gland dysfunction (hypothyroidism) often leads to significant weight gain.

Question 10: B. (1 and 3 are correct; NADPH and ATP are light reaction products).

Question 6 Analysis

Metabolism is split into two main types:

📉

Catabolism

Glikolisis

Respirasi

Fermentasi

📈

Anabolism

Kemosintesis

Fotosintesis

Question 7 Analysis

Aerobic respiration is far more efficient than fermentation.

Aerobic

~30-32 ATP per glucose

Fermentation

2 ATP per glucose

PROBLEM SET I

BIOLOGI SEL MOLEKULER., MIKROBIOLOGI & BIOTEKNOLOGI

Seorang ilmuwan melakukan percobaan untuk memisahkan membran dalam

mitokondria dari mitokondria. Setelah membran dalam terpisah, membran dalam tersebut kemudian diberikan perlakuan tertentu sehingga F1 dari ATP sinterasenya rusak. Dari semua nroses berikut:

Oksidasi NADH

mit

n.sdutorle dori,

Terbentuknya gradien proton

Fosforilasi ADP

Manakah yang tidak akan terjadi akibat perlakuan tersebut?

1,2,3,4

2,4

1,3,2

4 saja

3 saja

2. Sel di dalam tubuh yang tidak dapat memanfaatkan senyawa keton sebagai sumber

energınya adalah...

A. sel darah putih

meta bolisme

B. sel-sel penyusun hati

beton

Dunn

Mitol

sel-sel di otak

sel darah merah →→ taleada mitolondria

sei penyusun otot.

3. Polisistronik adalah suatu istilah yang dipergunakan untuk menyatakan hasil dari satu proses trankripsi yang hasil transkripsinya terdiri atas beberapa gen. Sebagian besar transkripsi yang bersifat polisistronik ini terdapat pada prokariot, namun beberapa prokariot memiliki hasil transkripsi yang bersifat polisistronik. Berikut yang merupakan hasil trankripsi yang bersifat polisistronik pada eukariot adalah.......

Hasil transkripsi dari gen-gen yang mengkode protein ribosom

Hasil transkripsi dari gen-gen yang mengkode protein histon

C. Hasil transkripsi dari gen-gen yang mengkode rRNA

Hasil transkripsi dari gen-gen yang mengkode protein integral

Hasil transkripsi dari gen-gen yang mengkode haemoglobin

Suatu kultur bakteri diawali dengan 4 sel bakteri per ml pada medium pengaya dengan fase lag 1 jam dan waktu generasi 2C menit. Berapa banyaknya sel yang ada pada 1 liter kultur ini:

a. setelah 1 jam?

11000

21000 b. setelah 2 jam?

• 000

c. setelah 2 jam bila 0.25% sel awal mati?

Anda mengambil suatu kultur mikroba dan memfraksinasinya menjadi beberapa

komponen. Salah satu komponen mengandung molekul berikut ini: asam asetilmuramat, asetilglukosamin, berbagai L dan D asam amino, dan asam teichoat maupun asam lipoteichoat. Komponen ini merupakan :

Dinding sel suatu bakteri gram positif

Glikogen

Dinding sel suatu bakteri gram negatif

Membran sitoplasma

Dinding sel suatu ragi

6. Atenuzsi merupakan salah satu preses pengaturan pada Trp operon dari bakteri. Sistem ini diatur pada Trp E dari Trp operon. Trp E merupakan gen paling awal (upstream) dari ip operon. p c ii ditanskripsi vain iecika ada cripioian maupur tiuan. necina aua triptofan maka Trp E yang telah ditranskripsi selanjutnya akan ditranslasi oleh ribosom, akibatnya akan terbentuk terminasi trankripsi sehingga gen-gen lain dari Trp operon tidak di transkripsi. Tapi apabila tidak terdapat triptofan, maka ribosom akan berhenti pada kodon yang mengkode triptofan. Akibatnya translasi dari Trp E akan terhenti dan proses trankripsi dapat dilanjutkan sampai akhir (semua gen pada Trp operon di transkripsi). Berdasarkan keterangan tersebut, maka pernyataan manakah yang salah mengenai sistem atenuasi dan Trp Operon?

Proses atenuasi terjadi di dalam sitoplasma

Karena ribosom terhenti pada Trp E maka gen-gen lain dari Trp operon baru akan di

translasi apabila terdapat triptofan didalam sitoplasma.

Hasil transkripsi dari Trp operon bersifat polisistronik.

Atenuasi berfungsi untuk mencegah diproduksinya enzim yang mensintesis

triptofan ketika kadar triptofan didalam sel sangat banyak

E. Semua jawaban diatas adalah benar.

Untuk membuktikan bahwa proses pembelahan sel dipengaruhi oleh siklus keberadaan

protein didalam sel maka dua orang ilmuwan melakukan fusi 2 sel dari fase yang berbeda. Isilah B untuk eksperiment yang menurut anda hasilnya benar dan 5 untuk eksperimen yang hasilnya salah.

Suatu instalasi pengolahan limbah membersihkan air limbah menggunakan tiga

tingkatan perlakuan untuk mendaur ulang air secara sempurna. Selama penentuan BOD, pengukuran kandungan oksigen diperoleh sebagai berikut:

Sampe!

Oksigen (mg/L)

Tanpa perlakuan

2,0

gmg

AISMO

Setelah perlakuan primer

6,0

Perlakuan sekunder

9,2

Asumsikan bahıwa pada suhu 20°C, kandungan oksigen dari air murni yang jenuh dengan oksigen adalah 10 mg/L. Berapa persen penurunan pada BOD relative terhadap sampel tanpa perlakuan setelah:

Perlakuan primer?

Perlakuan sekunder? (

Suatu tes coliform dilakukan pada perlakuan tersier. Mengapa? (Tulis jawaban anda dengan singkat dan jelas)

Seorang teman sekelas Anda memberikan suatu plasmid untuk ekspresi gen yang

mengkode monooksigenase pada E. coli. Gen tersebut diklon pada bagian hilir promoter PR lamda. Plasmid yang sama juga membawa gen yang mengkode repressor lamda peka temperatur (repressor aktif pada suhu 30 °C, inaktif pada 42 °C) yang terletak di sebelah hilir suatu promoter konstitutif. Asumsikan bahwa pertumbuhan E. coli diperlambat oleh ekspresi metana monooksigenase.

Jawablah pertanyaan dibawah ini dengan jawaban yang singkat dan tepat

Bagaimanakahı ekspresi metana monooksigenase dapat dicegah selama

dilovat/ i

pertumbuhan sel? dlhn

b. Bagaimanakah ekspresi gen yang mengkode metana monooksigenase

diekspresiknc.

dapat diinduksi?

Aktivitas enzimatik dari metana monooksigenase dapat secara langsung

dukut. Dua suusu dl apakal yang terdapat pada reaksı tersebut!

d. Produk apakah yang mengandung karbon?

(CotoP

e. Bagaimanakah radioisotop dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengukur

じぐ

aktivitas metana monooksigenase? (Jawaban tidak lebih dari satu kalimat)

f. Tipe organisme heterotrofik apakah yang diharapkan memiliki sumber gen asal yang mengkode methane monooksigenase? Tentukan secara spesifik!

Стнопо-

Suatu cara yang mudah untuk mengisolasi spesies Bacillus dan Clostridium secara

spesifik dari tanah adalah dengan:

endospora = tahan panar

Menumbuhkannya secara aerobik pada medium yang mengandung glukosa

Menumbuhkannya pada suhu tinggi

C. Memanaskan tanah untuk membunuh semua sel vegetatif dan kemudian

memungkinkan semua spora d

Answer

Question 1: D. Without F1-ATP synthase, phosphorylation of ADP cannot occur.

Question 2: D. Red blood cells lack mitochondria, so they cannot oxidize ketone bodies.

Question 3: B. Histone genes are the classic example of eukaryotic polycistronic transcripts.

Question 4: (a) 32 cells; (b) 256 cells; (c) 255 cells.

Question 5: A. The presence of teichoic acids and peptidoglycan indicates Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 6: B. This statement is incorrect; Trp operon genes are transcribed together.

Question 8: (a) 50% reduction; (b) 90% reduction; (c) To detect fecal contamination/pathogens.

Question 9: (a) Grow at 30°C; (b) Shift to 42°C; (c) O2 and NADH; (d) Methanol; (e) Use 14C-methane; (f) Methanotrophs.

Question 10: C. Heating kills vegetative cells, leaving only heat-resistant endospores.

Question 4 Calculation

Generation time = 20 min. 1 liter = 1000 ml.

Growth

Initial: 4 cells/ml × 1000 ml = 4000 cells

1 hour (3 gens): 4000 × 2^3 = 32,000

2 hours (6 gens): 4000 × 2^6 = 256,000

Question 8 Analysis

BOD reduction calculation:

Formula

Reduction = (O2_final - O2_initial) / (O2_sat - O2_initial)

Ga i neun korban differences

Perbedaan utama antara sel prokariotik dan eukariotik terletak pada struktur internalnya.

Berikut adalah ringkasan perbedaan utamanya:

Perbedaan Sel Prokariotik dan Eukariotik

Inti Sel

Prokariotik: Tidak memiliki inti sel (nukleus) sejati; DNA berada di area nukleoid.

Eukariotik: Memiliki inti sel sejati yang dibungkus membran.

Organel

Prokariotik: Tidak memiliki organel bermembran (seperti mitokondria atau kloroplas).

Eukariotik: Memiliki berbagai organel bermembran yang kompleks.

Ukuran

Prokariotik: Umumnya lebih kecil (1–10 µm).

Eukariotik: Umumnya lebih besar (10–100 µm).

Reproduksi

Prokariotik: Membelah diri melalui pembelahan biner.

Eukariotik: Membelah diri melalui mitosis atau meiosis.

Secara singkat, sel prokariotik (seperti bakteri dan archaea) jauh lebih sederhana dan tidak memiliki kompartemen internal, sedangkan sel eukariotik (seperti sel hewan, tumbuhan, dan jamur) memiliki struktur yang lebih kompleks dengan berbagai organel yang menjalankan fungsi spesifik.

Ga i neun korban differences

Mohon maaf, sepertinya ada kesalahan ketik pada pesan Anda ("Ga i neun korban differences"). Apakah maksud Anda ingin menanyakan kembali mengenai perbedaan sel prokariotik dan eukariotik?

Jika ada bagian spesifik dari perbedaan sel tersebut yang ingin Anda gali lebih dalam, silakan beri tahu saya. Saya siap membantu menjelaskan lebih lanjut!

The non-membrane cell organelle is... A. microbodies B. peroxisomes C. lysosomes D. vacuoles E. ribosomes

Below is a bar graph depicting exposure to dark and light periods. The black areas indicate the dark period, and the uncolored (white) areas indicate the light period. Based on the graph below, plants classified as short-day plants will flower if... A. B. C. D. E.

During an expedition, plants were found with the following characteristics: non-woody, pinnate leaves, no flowers, rosette stems, and curled young leaves. If you were asked to predict which group of plants you found? A. Angiospermae B. Monocotyledonae C. Pteridophyta D. Bryophyta E. Gymnospermae

The pangolin (Manis javanica) is a rare and protected species in Indonesia. This animal, whose body is almost entirely covered in scales, is an insectivore. In animal classification, pangolins are included in the group... A. class Reptilia because their bodies are covered in scales B. class Insectivora because they are insectivorous C. class Mammalia because they have hair and are mammals D. subclass Squamata because their bodies are covered in scales and they are insectivorous E. subclass Monotremes because, in addition to having scales, they also lay eggs like reptiles.

The function of neuroglia is... A. to help neurons accelerate impulse transmission B. to help neurons transmit chemical stimuli C. to strengthen the structural integrity of the nervous system and the metabolic function of neurons D. to help neurons open Na+ gates E. to help neurons transport potassium, express, and regenerate.

The layer of dead cells consisting of several layers of epidermal tissue in the aerial roots of orchids and functioning as water storage tissue is .... A. cuticle B. trichome C. spine D. velamen E. lithocyte cells

A microorganism exhibits limited growth at a temperature of 27°C. Growth is observed best at 37°C. At 40°C, growth still occurs, but no growth occurs above that temperature. Based on the growth temperature, the microorganism is classified as .... A. psychrophilic B. mesophilic C. thermotolerant D. thermophilic E. psychrotolerant

Fertilization activates a series of reactions that allow the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and egg cells. The following reactions are involved in the fertilization process, except... A. Acromosal reaction B. Cortical reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. Polyspermy reaction E. Invagination reaction

A husband and wife are arguing over one of their children having blood type O, while the husband and wife have blood types A and B respectively. The explanation you can give is... (1) wife A is heterozygous and husband B is homozygous (2) wife B is heterozygous and husband B is heterozygous (3) wife A is homozygous and husband B is heterozygous (4) wife A is heterozygous and husband B is heterozygous A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

Damage to various parts of the nephron will affect kidney function. The following are statements related to damage to the nephron and the resulting disruption to kidney function, except... (1) Damage to the juxtaglomerular apparatus will affect the blood filtration rate in the glomerulus, thereby affecting urine production. (2) Damage to the proximal tubule will result in very dilute urine. (3) Damage to the collecting duct causes the kidneys to be unable to produce concentrated urine. (4) Damage to the loop of Henle causes urine to be devoid of protein and sugar. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that convert glucose molecules into pyruvic acid by producing NADH and ATP. The following statements are characteristics of glycolysis: (1) Glycolysis can occur aerobically or anaerobically. (2) Enzymatic activity occurs in glycolysis. (3) ADP and ATP play a role in transferring phosphate from one molecule to another. (4) The release of water produces two phosphoenolpyruvate molecules, each with a high-energy phosphate bond. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

The following statements are correct: (1) The atrioventricular valves prevent blood from flowing from the ventricles to the atria during systole. (2) Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate. (3) The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery to the ventricles during astole. (4) The heart muscles work by themselves without our awareness. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

Answer

Question 1: E. Ribosomes are non-membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2: (Requires graph, but generally) Short-day plants flower when the dark period exceeds a critical length.

Question 3: C. Pteridophyta (ferns) have pinnate leaves and curled young leaves (circinate vernation).

Question 4: C. Pangolins are mammals (Mammalia) despite their scales.

Question 5: C. Neuroglia provide structural and metabolic support to neurons.