1. The manufacture of food preservatives such as citric acid can be done by fermentation with the help of ...
A) Aspergillus fumigatus
B) Aspergillus flavus
C) Aspergillus niger
D) aspergillus soyae
E) aspergillus parasiticus
Answer
A) aspergillus parasiticus -> parasites. Obviously, no.
B) aspergillus soyae --> soyae: fermented soybeans for soy sauce, etc. No.
C) aspergillus niger --> niger : black. don't know its function.
D) aspergillus flavus ---> flavus: maker of aflatoxin (poison) in tubers. So, no.
E) aspergillus fumigatus --> fumigation : give poison. So it's not.
So, the correct answer is C.
2.
The following statements regarding bamboo are true, EXCEPT ...
A) bamboo can reproduce vegetatively
B) bamboo can reproduce by seeds
C) bamboo is a flowering plant
D) unbranched stem
E) old rhizome branching
Answer
A) bamboo grows vegetatively / rhizome -> true
bamboo is a monocot plant / liliopsida -> so it flowers and has seeds B) and C) right
D) branched bamboo stalks -> false
E) old rhizome branching -> true
So, the correct answer is D.
3. Following are the functions of the zoo as a place for ex-situ conservation of various types of fauna, EXCEPT ...
A) object of study
B) the site of introduction of exodus species
C) germplasm shelter
D) source of genetic diversity
E) tourist attraction
Answer
ex-situ = outside the habitat alsi
A) right
B) exodus / exotic -> species that should not be there. example: gorillas are in Indonesia, originally from Africa. So gorillas are allowed in the zoo, not just any forest. - So right.
C) germplasm -> real animals as in nature. - Right.
D) genetic diversity -> many variations, undergo mutations, etc. in the zoo only a few types. Example: a lion, only lions of that kind are mated. - Wrong
E) right
So, the correct answer is D.
4. 
The following are the components of the trachea in insects, EXCEPT ...
A) tracheal vessels
B) spiracle
C) tracheolus
D) stigma
E) ostium
Answer
A) trachea -> entry of air into muscles
B) spiracles -> air inlet
C) tracheolus -> tracheal branches
D) stigma -> another name for spiracles
E) ostium -> the name of the valve in a closed circulatory system. Insects have an open blood circulation. Wrong
So, the correct answer is E.
5.
a plant that has a vascular structure like the picture is...
A) Cocos nucifera
B) Carica papaya
C) Durio zibethinus
D) Mangifera indica
E) Anona squamosa
Answer
The picture is a picture of a monocot blood vessel
A) Cocos nucifera -> coconut -> monocots but hard stems, so more xylem. in the picture little xylem and large air cavities.
B) Carica papaya -> papaya -> monocot and the contents of the stem are more like the picture
C) Durio zibethinus -> durian -> dicot
D) Mangifera indica -> mango -> dicot
E) Anona squamosa -> foreign fruit -> dicot
So, the correct answer is B.
6. When the water that enters the roots has reached the xylem, the water will move to the crown by...
A) diffusion
B) simplas
C) apoplast
D) osmosis
E) mass flow
Answer
header = leaf
A) diffusion -> no diffusion occurs
B) symplast -> enter through plasmodesmata (cell wall)
C) apoplast -> pass between cells
D) osmosis -> true. because when the water in the leaves runs out and there is a lot of water in the roots, osmosis occurs by way of adhesion and cohesion. While xylem is dead tissue, it cannot pump water.
E) mass flow -> no mass flow occurs
So, the correct answer is D.
7.
Based on the picture, the hormone that plays a role in the growth and development of the plant is...
A) ethylene, traumalin acid, and auxin
B) cytokinins, abscisic acid, and auxins
C) ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins
D) auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins
E) cytokinins, auxins, and ethylene
Answer
abscisic acid -> keep the seeds into seeds, if the environment does not support
gibberellins -> change seeds from buds, germination stage
auxin -> stimulates upward cell division / growth. maintain apical dominance (ensures the plant grows upwards rather than sideways). flower development
cytokinins -> cell division
kalin -> lengthen the stem
traumalin acid -> wound response (trauma)
8. A mutation that replaces one purine base with another purine or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine is called...
A) translocation
B) transversion
C) transition
D) insertion
E) inversion
Answer
A) translocation -> transfer of part of a chromosome
B) transversion -> purine to pyrimidine
C) transition -> purine to purine, pyrimidine to pyrimidine
D) insertion -> group insertion
E) inversion -> group reversal
So, the correct answer is C.
9. Pay attention to the following statement!
1) population size is quite large
2) population is open
3) random marriage
4) the number of gene mutations in alleles varies
5) the reproductive ability of each individual is the same
The combination according to the conditions for the application of the Hardy-Weinberg law is ...
A)1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 5
C) 1, 4, 5
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 3, 4, 5
Answer
if the Hardy-Weinberg law holds = in a population the proportion of alleles remains the same over time
1) population size is quite large -> true
2) population is open -> false, other alleles are not allowed. so it doesn't change
3) the occurrence of random mating -> true, if the marriage is only to one allele, the allele may increase
4) the number of gene mutations in alleles varies -> wrong, there are mutations -> the proportion of alleles changes
5) the reproductive ability of each individual is the same -> true, if one grows faster or one often dies, then the proportion of alleles changes
So, the correct answer is B.
10. The following are the correct structure and function pairs of organelles, EXCEPT...
A) microtubules -> movement of spindle fibers on chromosomes
B) vacuole -> food reserve storage
C) lysosomes -> macromolecular hydrolysis site
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum -> site of protein synthesis
E) golgi bodies -> glycosylation of protein chains
Answer
A) microtubules -> movement of spindle threads on chromosomes Correct
B) vacuole -> food reserve storage Right
C) lysosomes -> macromolecular hydrolysis site Correct
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum -> site of protein synthesis Wrong. fat synthesis
E) golgi bodies -> glycosylation of protein chains Correct
So, the correct answer is D.
11.
Plants absorb sulfur in the soil in the form of sulfides
BECAUSE
bacteria Desulfotomaculum sp. reduce sulfate to sulfide
Answer
plants take nutrients in the form of ions, because ions that dissolve in water are not elements (sulfur, nitrogen)
sulfide = not an ion
sulfate = ion
Desulfotomaculum sp -> Desulfo = desulfatization, reducing sulfate to sulfite/sulfide
plants absorb sulfur in the soil in the form of sulfides False
bacteria Desulfotomaculum sp. reduce sulfate to sulfide Correct
So, the correct answer is D.
12.
The villi of the digestive tract are composed of multi-layered columnar epithelium
BECAUSE
cylindrical epithelium helps the process of absorption of nutrients in the duodenum
Answer
flat / squamous
simple flat and thin = for air exchange, in the alveoli, blood capillaries
multi-layered = if the top layer is damaged, take it off, and replace it with a new one, in the mouth, skin
cuboid / cube
excretion
simple = renal tubule
layered = excretory channel
cylindrical / columnar
simple = absorb nutrients -> digestive tract
layered = layered for safety -> urethra, vas deferens
pseudo-coated = in the respiratory tract
The villi of the digestive tract are composed of multi-layered columnar epithelium False -> non-digestive urethra
BECAUSE
cylindrical epithelium helps the process of absorption of nutrients in the duodenum True -> in digestion
So, the correct answer is D.
13. The process of breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats which will then enter the Krebs cycle stage in the respiration process is...
1) Glucose
2) pyruvic acid
3) citric acid
4) Co-A . acid
Answer
glucose is glycolyzed to pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid enters resistant to oxidative decarboxylation to Co-A . acid
Co-A acid enters the krebs cycle
So, the correct answer is D.
12. The villi of the digestive tract are composed of multi-layered columnar epithelium. X
BECAUSE
The cylindrical epithelium helps the process of absorption of nutrients in the duodenum. ️
Answer
epithelial type:
squamous: flat/thin --> for exchange of blood/air, is in the alveoli and blood capillaries
layered flat --> if the wound can be replaced, it's in the mouth, skin
cube: thicker --> for secretion in the renal tubules,
layered cube --> excretory duct
columnar/column/cylindrical ---> absorb nutrients, exist in the intestines
layered columnar: thickest --> present in the urethra and vas diferens (excreting urine)
pseudo-coated cylinder: respiratory tract
13. The breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats which will then enter the Krebs cycle stage in the respiration process are...
(1) glucose
(2) pyruvic acid
(3) citric acid
(4) acetyl co-A
Answer
glucose --> glycolysis to pyruvic acid + 2atp + 2nadh, pyruvic acid is oxidatively carboxylated to acetyl Co enzyme A + 2nadh/2fadh, acetyl CoA continues to krebs cycle/citric acid cycle to 6nadh 2fadh ATP, then 6nadh 2fadh taken for transport electron. 1nadh = 2.5 atp, 1fadh = 1.5 atp.
1 glucose molecule can produce 30 or 32 atp.
14. The following is a statement regarding the structure of DNA.
(1) the phosphate group is bonded to the first deoxyribose C5 atom
(2) nitrogenous base bonded to the C1 atom deoxyribose atom
(3) the phosphate group is bonded to the second deoxyribose C3 atom
(4) nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
The correct statement regarding the structure of the double-stranded dinucleotide of DNA is indicated by the number ....
A. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 4 only
Answer
15. The difference between animal cloning and in vitro fertilization is as follows....
(1) animal cloning uses somatic nucleus clones, while in vitro fertilization uses egg cell nuclei
(2) animal cloning is included in in vitro gene therapy, while in vitro fertilization is not X
(3) new individuals resulting from animal cloning are identical, while in vitro fertilization is different
(4) in vitro fertilization requires the recipient's uterus, while animal cloning does not require the recipient's uterus X
Answer
in vitro = fertilization occurs in a tube/cup
animal cloning uses somatic cells and still uses the recipient's uterus
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