1. The manufacture of food preservatives such as citric acid can be done by fermentation with the help of ....
A. Aspergillus fumigatus
B. Aspergillus flavus
C. Aspergillus niger
D. Aspergillus soyae
E. Aspergillus parasiticus
Answer
parasiticus = parasite, obviously wrong not nitric acid
soyae = soybeans, fermented soybeans, false.
niger = black, for citric acid fermentation.
falvus = make aflatoxin = deadly poison in tubers, for example: tubers that are stored for a long time can look toxic. Wrong.
fumigatus = fumigatus = give poison. Wrong.
2.
The following statements about bamboo are true, except....
A. bamboo can reproduce vegetatively
B. bamboo can reproduce by seeds
C. bamboo is a flowering plant
D. unbranched stem ×
E. old rhizome branching
Answer
Bamboo can reproduce vegetatively, namely rhizomes (according to the picture)
Bamboo can reproduce by seeds
seedless: moss and nails only.
Seeds are divided into two open seeds and closed seeds. Closed seeds are divided into monocots and dicots. Bamboo is a monocot plant, can flower and seed.
3. Following are the functions of the zoo as an ex-situ conservation area for various types of fauna, except ....
A. object of study
B. place of introduction of exodus species
C. germplasm shelter
D. source of genetic diversity ×
E. attractions
Answer
exodus/exotic species = zoo,
germplasm = natural habitat
4. The following are the components of the trachea in insects, except ....
A) tracheal vessels
B. spiracle
C. tracheolus
D. stigma
E. ostium ×
Answer
ostium = closed circulatory system valve
insects = open circulation
stigma = spiracle
5.
Plants that have a vascular structure like the picture above are....
A. Cocos nucifera
B. Carica papaya
C. Durio zibethinus
D. Mangifera indica E. Anona squamosa
Answer
image = monocot
Cocos nucifera = coconut (harder, more xylem)
Carica papaya = papaya (real monocot, softer stem)
Durio zibethinus = durian
Mangifera indica = mango
Anona squamosa
6. When the water that enters the roots has reached the xylem, the water will move to the crown by...
A. diffusion
B. simplas
C. apoplast
D. osmosis
E. mass flow
Answer
from the roots to the xylem (stem) enter symplast (enter through the cell wall of plasmodesmata) and
apoplast (enters through cells)
from the xylem to the leaf by osmosis, there are forces of adhesion and cohesion
7.
Based on the picture above, the hormone that plays a role in the growth and development of the plant is....
A. ethylene, traumalin acid, and auxin
B. cytokinins, abscisic acid, and auxins
C. ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins
D. Auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins
E. cytotoxins, auxins, and ethylene
Answer
Abscisic Acid (ABA) = keeps seeds from sprouting (remaining seeds) when the environment is not supportive so they don't die
when the seeds come into contact with water, it will activate gibberellins, so that germination (from seeds to shoots)
shoots getting taller not sideways, maintaining apical dominance (upwards) = auxin
cytokinins = cell division
flower = auxin + cytokinin
kalin = elongate bantang
traumalin acid = appears when there is trauma (wound)
8. A mutation that replaces one purine base with another purine or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine is called ....
A. translocation = muta
B. transversion
C. transition
D. insertion
E. inversion
Answer
translocation = chromosomal mutation, which changes
B. transversion = point mutation, purine (AG) to pyrimidine (CT)
C. transition = purine to purine, pyrimidine to pyrimidine
D. insert = insert, appear dna
E. inversion = reverse
9. Pay attention to the following statement!
(1) population size is quite large
(2) population is open
(3) occurrence of random mating
(4) the number of gene mutations in alleles varies
(5) the reproductive ability of each individual is the same
The combination that is in accordance with the conditions for the application of the Hardy-Weinberg law is ....
A. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1, 3, and 5
C. 1, 4, and 5
D. 2, 3, and 4
E. 3, 4, and 5
Answer
10. The following are correct structural and functional pairs of organelles, except....
A. microtubules → movement of spindle threads on chromosomes
B. vacuole → food storage
C. lysosomes → macromolecular hydrolysis site
D. D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum → site of protein synthesis x
E. Golgi bodies → glycosylation of protein chains
Answer
Smooth ER = fat synthesis
protein synthesis = in the cell nucleus has a genetic code / DNA is transcribed into mRNA, then translated at the ribosome into amino acid groups, then to become active proteins carried to the rough ER.
11. Plants absorb sulfur in the soil in the form of sulfides. X
BECAUSE
Bacteria Desulfotomaculum sp. reduce sulfate to sulfide. ️
Answer
plants take in nutrients in the form of ions instead of sulfur etc
because the ionic form is soluble in water
the ion that dissolves in water is not sulfide (S^-2) but SO4^2- (sulfate)
Desulfotomaculum = desulfatization, reduction of sulfate to sulfite/sulfide
12. The villi of the digestive tract are composed of multi-layered columnar epithelium. X
BECAUSE
The cylindrical epithelium helps the process of absorption of nutrients in the duodenum. ️
Answer
epithelial type:
squamous: flat/thin --> for exchange of blood/air, is in the alveoli and blood capillaries
layered flat --> if the wound can be replaced, it's in the mouth, skin
cube: thicker --> for secretion in the renal tubules,
layered cube --> excretory duct
columnar/column/cylindrical ---> absorb nutrients, exist in the intestines
layered columnar: thickest --> present in the urethra and vas diferens (excreting urine)
pseudo-coated cylinder: respiratory tract
13. The breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats which will then enter the Krebs cycle stage in the respiration process are...
(1) glucose
(2) pyruvic acid
(3) citric acid
(4) acetyl co-A
Answer
glucose --> glycolysis to pyruvic acid + 2atp + 2nadh, pyruvic acid is oxidatively carboxylated to acetyl Co enzyme A + 2nadh/2fadh, acetyl CoA continues to krebs cycle/citric acid cycle to 6nadh 2fadh ATP, then 6nadh 2fadh taken for transport electron. 1nadh = 2.5 atp, 1fadh = 1.5 atp.
1 glucose molecule can produce 30 or 32 atp.
14. The following is a statement regarding the structure of DNA.
(1) the phosphate group is bonded to the first deoxyribose C5 atom
(2) nitrogenous base bonded to the C1 atom deoxyribose atom
(3) the phosphate group is bonded to the second deoxyribose C3 atom
(4) nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
The correct statement regarding the structure of the double-stranded dinucleotide of DNA is indicated by the number ....
A. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 4 only
Answer
15. The difference between animal cloning and in vitro fertilization is as follows....
(1) animal cloning uses somatic nucleus clones, while in vitro fertilization uses egg cell nuclei
(2) animal cloning is included in in vitro gene therapy, while in vitro fertilization is not X
(3) new individuals resulting from animal cloning are identical, while in vitro fertilization is different
(4) in vitro fertilization requires the recipient's uterus, while animal cloning does not require the recipient's uterus X
Answer
in vitro = fertilization occurs in a tube/cup
Animal cloning uses somatic cells and still uses the recipient's uterus
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